{"id":758,"date":"2016-06-21T14:19:35","date_gmt":"2016-06-21T13:19:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/copyright.lboro.ac.uk\/crcc\/?p=758"},"modified":"2017-06-16T04:43:02","modified_gmt":"2017-06-16T03:43:02","slug":"going-bananas-brussels-fleet-streets-european-journey","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.lboro.ac.uk\/crcc\/eu-referendum\/going-bananas-brussels-fleet-streets-european-journey\/","title":{"rendered":"Going bananas over Brussels: Fleet Street\u2019s European journey"},"content":{"rendered":"

As with the British public, the press is split down the middle over<\/a> the referendum on membership of the European Union, with five of the major titles backing Remain and the same number supporting Leave. Like many families, the debate has even divided newspaper siblings. The Times and its sister the Sunday Times have chosen to support Remain and Leave respectively, the latter with the kind of editorialising that has come to distinguish it from its daily relative.<\/p>\n

The other, more stark divergence is between the Mail titles. In supporting Remain, the traditionally more liberal-minded Mail on Sunday has strongly challenged the Leave campaign with prominent reports about far-right infiltration. In contrast the Daily Mail has been a stalwart supporter of the Brexit cause.<\/p>\n

Things were very different in 1975, the last time Britain voted on this issue. As Colin Seymour-Ure<\/a> writes, every national newspaper<\/a> endorsed staying in the European Economic Community with the exception of the Morning Star. It was a rare moment of press unity over the vexed issue of the UK\u2019s relations with Brussels.<\/p>\n

Following World War II, most newspapers were broadly sympathetic<\/a> to the formation of a common market that was seen as a force for stability and renewal. There were, however, debates over British entry \u2013 and when an attempt in the early 1960s failed, the Express couldn\u2019t resist proclaiming \u201cHallelujah!\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Sceptic then, sceptic now: little has changed at the Daily Express.<\/span>
\nUKpressonline<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yet the once-leading anti-EEC title\u2019s stance changed following the 1971 parliamentary vote in favour of British membership. The Express subsequently joined rival newspapers in campaigning for continued membership in the referendum four years later.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
How the Express changed its tune in 1975.<\/span>
\nUKpress online<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The print media was perceived to have been a factor in moving the polls in favour of UK membership following a highly personalised debate. Pro-EEC papers characterised proponents of a no vote as scaremongers and the europhile Mirror labelled Tony Benn the \u201cMinister of Fear<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Shouting across the Channel<\/h2>\n

Although there were perennial concerns over British contributions to the EEC budget it would be the 1986 Single European Act that proved a watershed in press reporting<\/a> of the subject. Newspapers became increasingly fearful of Brussels and the issue came to the fore in late 1990 when the by now best selling UK daily The Sun said \u201cUp Yours Delors!\u201d to the European Commission president Jacques Delors and encouraged \u201cits patriotic family of readers to tell the feelthy French to FROG OFF!\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Classic Sun front page.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

It implored them to do so by shouting across the English Channel. \u201cAt midday tomorrow Sun readers are urged to tell the French fool where to stuff his ECU [European Currency Unit].\u201d<\/p>\n

The prospect of closer union as well as a common currency meant jingoism was not confined to the \u201credtop\u201d papers. One Telegraph report suggested a breakthrough in the Channel Tunnel\u2019s construction would allow the British to smell \u201cthe first whiffs of garlic<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Thatcher\u2019s 1990 downfall came in part after disagreements with colleagues over Europe that served to fuel Conservative divisions that had erupted after the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) debacle two years later, when the UK had to pull out of the EU\u2019s fledgling monetary union after a dramatic run on the pound. The Sun argued that \u201cBlack Wednesday\u201d was a warning against the Maastricht Treaty\u2019s plan for what it denounced as a \u201cUnited States of Europe \u2026 deciding policies on tax, immigration and the economy with recourse to a Central Bank\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Going bananas over Brussels.<\/span>
\nDaily Express<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Together with other sceptical titles, the paper sought to discredit Brussels by publicising what the commission dismissed as a series of eye-catching \u201cEuro-myths\u201d that included the 1994 classic: \u201cNow They\u2019ve Really Gone Bananas: Euro bosses ban \u2018too bendy\u2019 ones and set up minimum shop size of five-and-a-half inches.\u201d<\/p>\n

The jocular approach subsided following the commission\u2019s 1996 decision to ban British beef due to heath concerns. A front-page St George\u2019s Day Sun editorial, \u201cEU THE JURY\u201d, demonised the union as a \u201cbeast \u2026 which aims to devour our national identity\u201d and \u201ca very real dragon which threatens every single one of us throughout the United Kingdom\u201d, before declaring:<\/p>\n

A thousand years of civilisation is being tossed away \u2026 We want to see free trade between friendly nations, a genuine common market, not an Orwellian superstate which blindly tries to make Germans like Britons, or Spaniards live like Irishmen.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Rhetoric of this kind led Delors\u2019 successor Jacques Santer to attack the \u201canti-European propaganda, and even xenophobic propaganda, in the British press\u201d.<\/p>\n

Battle for Britain<\/h2>\n

The European issue bedevilled the Conservative government with its internal divisions over the matter, which contributed to its defeat in 1997. The Daily Mail had joined what it called the \u201cBattle for Britain\u201d in a front-page editorial attacking \u201cthe bipartisan omerta of the political elite\u201d supporting further integration. Material of this kind ensured the European issue became the major substantive policy debate during the 1997 general election campaign, even ahead of so-called \u201csleaze\u201d and \u201ceducation\u201d. A year after Tony Blair entered Downing Street as the new Labour PM, The Sun was denouncing him as the \u201cMost Dangerous Man in Britain<\/a>\u201d for his perceived pro-euro stance.<\/p>\n

The issue once again featured prominently in the ensuing general election campaign of 2001<\/a>. Despite formally endorsing a then seemingly unassailable Labour leader, The Sun took the unusual step of simultaneously praising supposed opponent William Hague because of his anti-euro campaign to \u201cSave the Pound<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

The 2005 and 2010 general elections saw the European issue relegated down the print media agenda before it returned in 2015 following UKIP\u2019s victory in the previous year\u2019s EU poll<\/a>. By this time leader Nigel Farage had helped ensure his party was associated with other related voter concerns, notably over immigration<\/a>. Facing a perceived challenge from UKIP, the prime minister, David Cameron, promised a referendum on continued British membership.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
White Van Dan\u2019s 15 minutes of fame.<\/span>
\nThe Sun<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

His then ally, The Sun, also recognised the threat from UKIP when it ran a front-page endorsement of the Conservatives featuring \u201cWhite Van Dan\u201d. Dan had come to prominence after Labour politician Emily Thornberry tweeted a photo of his home bedecked with England flags \u2013 she was savaged by many sections of the press for being out of touch with popular sentiment. But, significantly, Dan Ware was quoted as supporting the EU and believing UKIP were \u201cracist\u201d<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This did not dampen other papers’ enthusiasm for UKIP or its leader. Having dismissed the party as a \u201cwasted vote\u201d as recently as 2010, the Daily Express, the original sceptic journal, revisited its anti-common market roots by formally endorsing UKIP<\/a> for the 2015 general election. This stance has continued into the current referendum, with the Express providing the most pro-Leave coverage of any daily newspaper<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This stridency is characteristic of newspapers supporting Brexit. The strength of these endorsements are also quantitatively rather than purely qualitatively different to those of the pro-Remain press: when circulation is also taken into account over 80% of consumers who buy a daily paper read a title favouring British withdrawal from the EU<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Some believe the print media delivered crucial public backing for the EEC<\/a> in advance of a 1975 poll that proved conclusive. It remains to be seen whether and how newspapers might influence the outcome of a vote that appears to be on a knife edge.<\/p>\n

Dominic Wring<\/a>, Professor of Political Communication, Loughborough University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article was originally published on The Conversation<\/a>. Read the original article<\/a>.
\n\"The<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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