{"id":343,"date":"2017-08-11T14:53:50","date_gmt":"2017-08-11T13:53:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/copyright.lboro.ac.uk\/research\/?p=343"},"modified":"2017-08-14T11:49:23","modified_gmt":"2017-08-14T10:49:23","slug":"public-vs-private-art-collections-controls-cultural-heritage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.lboro.ac.uk\/research\/communication-culture-citizenship\/public-vs-private-art-collections-controls-cultural-heritage\/","title":{"rendered":"Public vs private art collections: who controls our cultural heritage?"},"content":{"rendered":"

The BMW Art Guide<\/a> 2016 lists 256 private collections worldwide that are currently open to the public. But this figure omits the swiftly increasing number of multi-million dollar, independently operated gallery spaces that are stimulating audiences\u2019 enthusiasm for art. Privately owned museums are on the rise and they\u2019re dramatically changing the cultural landscape.<\/p>\n

Eli and Edythe Broad<\/a>\u2019s eponymous museum in Los Angeles, the Louis Vuitton Foundation<\/a> in Paris, Budi Tek\u2019s Yuz Museum<\/a> in Shanghai, and Venetian palaces operated by Fran\u00e7ois Pinault<\/a>, Miuccia Prada<\/a> and, most recently, Russian petrochemical billionaire Leonid Mikhelson<\/a>, are just a few of the institutions that rival, and often outstrip, public museums in their buying power, influence, and blockbuster exhibitions.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

In 2015 fashion designer Miuccia Prada opened a gallery complex in Milan dedicated to contemporary art and culture. Shutterstock<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

Private patronage of the arts is nothing new \u2013 Solomon R. Guggenheim established a foundation for his art collection in 1937 and opened a museum two years later. Many good things flow from this kind of philanthropic investment. Developing and housing an art collection can involve the regeneration of urban environments and the commissioning of innovative new architecture. The proposed transformation of Paris\u2019s former Commodities Exchange by Japanese architect Tadao Ando<\/a> into an exhibition space for the personal collection of luxury brand billionaire Fran\u00e7ois Pinault is a case in point.<\/p>\n

Employment opportunities and initiatives for artists will undoubtedly follow. Previously inaccessible works will be made available to the public \u2013 a socially oriented step that a private collector is not under any obligation to take. In the absence of adequate state funding for the arts, the generosity of individuals can fill a significant gap in the cultural life of a city. So is there anything to worry about?<\/p>\n

Privatising public heritage<\/h2>\n

Museum culture\u2019s \u201cdrift\u201d into private ownership seems part of a familiar pattern. The state rolls back provision and individuals pick up the slack. The question is, who then calls the shots? In the case of the arts, collectors\u2019 personal tastes are increasingly influencing the kind of art that is commissioned, exhibited and ultimately written into history. We now need to ask who collects what and for whom?<\/p>\n

We think of museums as trustees of a nation\u2019s cultural capital. Curators choose and preserve artefacts for the benefit of future generations. They shape lasting impressions of communities and their aesthetic values and creativity.<\/p>\n

These are weighty responsibilities \u2013 and public museums have often been judged harshly for the selective legacies crafted by their key decision-makers. Since the mid-1980s, the feminist activist Guerilla Girls<\/a> have brought into focus significant gender and ethnic biases in museums around the world through a series of high-profile interventions, poster campaigns and exhibitions.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"

Feminist art activists the Guerilla Girls draw attention to discrimininatory practices on the part of museums. Ryohei Noda\/Flickr<\/a>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/figure>\n

The stakes are higher when the burden of public accountability is removed. Free from the demands of representing a wider community, private collectors are able to pursue and exhibit works that reflect their own interests. What art histories will they forge? Will newly self-fashioned museums track the changing patterns of the market, display the idiosyncrasies of the individual, or give voice to the unfamiliar, the politically challenging, the historically neglected?<\/p>\n

The new now<\/h2>\n

These questions attach not just to the acquisition, but also to the sale of art. Publicly funded museums adhere to rules about selling works in their collection (\u201cdeaccessioning<\/a>\u201d). Such regulation is important for artists whose reputations may depend on the grant of museum endorsement. In contrast to public institutions, private collectors enjoy the prerogative of selling works when it suits them.<\/p>\n

Consider the evolution of Charles Saatchi<\/a>\u2019s collection. Saatchi forged the Young British Art<\/a> brand in the 1990s, making Damien Hirst<\/a>, Tracey Emin<\/a>, Marc Quinn<\/a> and others familiar to audiences around the world.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Saatchi Gallery in London\u2019s Chelsea is devoted to new works and popular culture.<\/span>
\nShutterstock<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

While works by that group were once a cornerstone of Saatchi\u2019s Gallery, they no longer figure significantly in his collection. The gallery, housed at the Duke of York\u2019s HQ<\/a> in Chelsea, is dedicated to the \u201cnew\u201d and understands that mission as requiring regular disposal of the past whether by way of gift or sale.<\/p>\n

This is not unprecedented in the case of museums that provide snapshots of the \u201ccontemporary\u201d. But it does raise questions about the ways in which we expect art institutions to meet the needs of audiences through time.<\/p>\n

Museums are lasting repositories of collective memory, spaces that debate the past and contest urgent issues in the present. That means we need to keep a watchful eye on the ambitions and policies of institutions that shape our cultural landscape and consider how they impact on the public interest both now and in the future.<\/p>\n

One thing that history has shown us is that the art world benefits from a diverse range of voices and perspectives. Models of public-private partnership that foster knowledge-sharing need to emerge, enabling new and established museums to learn from each other and from the past.<\/p>\n

At the very least, art audiences need to be aware of shifts in the direction of collective heritage and not stand by as economic influence becomes a source of cultural domination. It is only by enhancing exchange between artists, institutions and their publics that we have a chance to secure a dynamic art \u201cecosystem\u201d for the 21st century and beyond.<\/p>\n

Kathryn Brown<\/a>, Lecturer in Art History, Loughborough University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article was originally published on The Conversation<\/a>. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The BMW Art Guide 2016 lists 256 private collections worldwide that are currently open to the public. 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