{"id":411,"date":"2017-10-02T15:15:56","date_gmt":"2017-10-02T14:15:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/copyright.lboro.ac.uk\/research\/?p=411"},"modified":"2017-11-09T16:22:08","modified_gmt":"2017-11-09T16:22:08","slug":"robot-computer-co-authoring-story-human-writer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.lboro.ac.uk\/research\/communication-culture-citizenship\/robot-computer-co-authoring-story-human-writer\/","title":{"rendered":"We, robot: the computer co-authoring a story with a human writer"},"content":{"rendered":"

In Isaac Asimov\u2019s I, Robot, a collection of nine short stories about robotics, Asimov explores the possibilities of human-computer interaction. How can humans and computers co-exist? How can they work together to make a better world?<\/p>\n

A research group from the Meertens Instituut<\/a> in Amsterdam and the Antwerp Centre for Digital Humanities and Literary Criticism<\/a> recently introduced a new digital creative writing system. Using a graphical interface, an author drafts a text sentence by sentence. Then, the system proposes its own sentences to continue the story. The human and the computer work together to create what the system\u2019s developers call \u201csynthetic literature\u201d.<\/p>\n

The paper<\/a> detailing this project describes the text generation system as an attempt to:<\/p>\n

Create a stimulating environment that fosters co-creation: ideally, the machine should output valuable suggestions, to which the author retains a significant stake within the creative process.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

How to train your robot<\/h2>\n

To learn language and sentence structure, the system has been trained using the texts of 10,000 Dutch-language e-books. Additionally, the system was trained to mimic the literary styles of such renowned authors as Asimov and Dutch science fiction author Ronald Giphart<\/a> by generating sentences that use similar words, phrases, and sentence structures as these authors.<\/p>\n

As part of this year\u2019s annual Nederland Leest<\/a> (The Netherlands Reads) festival, Giphart has been trialling the co-creative writing system to write a tenth I, Robot story. Once Giphart\u2019s story is completed it will be published at the end of a new Dutch edition of Asimov\u2019s classic text. Throughout November, participating libraries throughout the Netherlands will be offering free copies of this edition to visitors to get people thinking about this year\u2019s festival theme: Nederland Leest de Toekomst (The Netherlands Reads the Future).<\/p>\n

As Giphart types new sentences into the system\u2019s graphical interface, the system responds by generating a selection of sentences that could be used to continue the story. Giphart can select any of these sentences, or ignore the system\u2019s recommendations altogether.<\/p>\n

The point of the system, its developers explain, is to \u201cprovoke the human writer in the process of writing\u201d. Giphart says he still considers himself<\/a> \u201cthe boss, but [the system] does the work\u201d. One article<\/a> even described the system as being ideal \u201cfor those who have literary aspirations, but who lack talent\u201d.<\/p>\n

Can a computer be creative?<\/h2>\n

The \u201csynthetic literature\u201d referred to by this system\u2019s developers implies a combined production effort of both human and computer. Of course, the human still guides production. As co-developer Folgert Karsdorp explained<\/a>: \u201cYou have numerous buttons to make your own mix. If you want to mix Giphart and Asimov, you can do that too.\u201d The system follows its user\u2019s direction, responding by using its own capacity for creativity.<\/p>\n

But can a computer ever be truly creative? This is a question that the field of computational creativity has been studying since computers were invented. The field generally accepts that a computer can be called creative if its output would be considered creative had it been produced by a human.<\/p>\n

Computational creativity debates are all rooted in one underlying question: is the computer merely a tool for human creativity, or could it be considered a creative agent itself? In a discussion about computer-generated art, creativity scholar Margaret Boden noted<\/a> that:<\/p>\n

It is the computer artist [the developer] who decides what input a system will respond to, how the system will respond, how unpredictable the system\u2019s output will be, and how transparent the system\u2019s functionality will be to users.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Even the most unpredictable output, according to Boden, results from choices the computer artist has made. While a developer may not be able to predict a system\u2019s exact output, the output nevertheless reflects the choices the developer has made while programming.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"

Computer systems can be trained to mimic the language and sentence structure of particular writers. Shutterstock<\/a><\/p><\/div>

<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The co-creative writing system Giphart is using isn\u2019t able to produce an entire book by itself, but it can produce paragraphs that continue Giphart\u2019s story for him. Giphart, though, ultimately has the power to choose what computer output he uses.<\/p>\n

But does this mean that Giphart alone will be credited as the author of his Ik, robot story, or will his computer be given credit as a co-author? It\u2019s still unclear. Although it could be hotly debated whether the creative writing system is just a tool for Giphart\u2019s vision or could be considered an agent itself, we won\u2019t be seeing the demise of human authors any time soon.<\/p>\n

One Nederland Leest blog post<\/a> compares this new method of writing to the evolution of the electric guitar. It may have existed for nearly a century, but it wasn\u2019t until Jimi Hendrix showed us how to really play the instrument that its potential was realised. Similarly, we still need to discover how to \u201cplay\u201d this writing system to get the best results, whatever they might be.<\/p>\n

So is synthetic literature the future? Maybe. Keep reading to find out.<\/p>\n

\"TheA video explaining the project is available here, in Dutch<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

Leah Henrickson<\/a>, PhD Candidate, Loughborough University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article was originally published on The Conversation<\/a>. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Header image:\u00a0shutterstock.\u00a0Shutterstock<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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