{"id":460,"date":"2018-02-06T13:56:53","date_gmt":"2018-02-06T13:56:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/copyright.lboro.ac.uk\/research\/?p=460"},"modified":"2018-02-22T11:12:03","modified_gmt":"2018-02-22T11:12:03","slug":"turkey-using-syrian-refugees-bargaining-chips-moves-kurds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.lboro.ac.uk\/research\/communication-culture-citizenship\/turkey-using-syrian-refugees-bargaining-chips-moves-kurds\/","title":{"rendered":"Turkey is using Syrian refugees as bargaining chips as it moves against the Kurds"},"content":{"rendered":"

When Turkish ground troops rolled into Afrin<\/a>, a Kurdish enclave in northern Syria, in January, the regime was making a considered political calculation. The campaign, which Ankara called Operation Olive Branch<\/a>, involves Turkish Army Forces and Free Syrian Army troops supported by an air campaign, and aims to oust fighters from the Kurdish People\u2019s Protection Units (YPG) from Afrin.<\/p>\n

One of the reasons the Turkish presidency<\/a> gave for the operation was so that it could start sending some of the 3.5m Syrian refugees<\/a> living in Turkey, back to a safe zone in Syria. It was doing this in the name of \u201cEuropean security\u201d.<\/p>\n

This marks a return of rhetoric in which Turkey presents itself as useful to Europe\u2019s security. Such rhetoric dominated Turkey\u2019s security culture during the Cold War, when it was aligned with the West against the Soviet Union, but was abandoned in the 1990s and 2000s as it developed relations with Russia and Middle Eastern states.<\/p>\n

Once again, Turkey\u2019s president, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan, argues that the country can help fight terrorism in Europe by stopping onward irregular migration. Today, Turkey\u2019s message to Europe is clear: we are dealing with your threats, so you should help and allow us to address ours.<\/p>\n

This new operation is not the first time Erdo\u011fan\u2019s regime has strategically used Syrian refugees in its dealings with Europe. After the collapse of the peace negotiations between the government of Turkey and the Kurdish movement in 2015-16, the Turkish Armed Forces launched military operations<\/a> in south-east Turkey against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which is linked to the Kurdish Democratic Union Party. According to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, more than 2,000 civilians<\/a> were killed and 355,000 people were displaced during these operations. Several towns were wiped off the map, including the historical city of Sur<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The regime played the Syrian refugees card to quieten criticism from Europe. The result was the March 2016 EU-Turkey refugee deal<\/a>, in which irregular migrants arriving in the EU from Turkey were to be returned \u2013 with \u20ac6 billion pledged to Turkey by the EU. The deal was negotiated as journalists and academics, critical of the the military operations against the Kurds, were being targeted<\/a> by Turkish authorities.<\/p>\n

Linking refugees to Europe\u2019s security<\/h2>\n

Erdo\u011fan played the refugee card once again in November 2016 when the European Parliament voted to freeze negotiations<\/a> on Turkey joining the EU. Realising how important it was to Europe that Syrian refugees were kept in Turkey rather than attempting the dangerous sea crossing to Greece, he said<\/a> \u201cif you go any further, these border gates will be opened\u201d. In July 2017, the European Parliament called for the suspension<\/a> of Turkey\u2019s accession process. The issue of Turkish accession<\/a> became a heated issue during Germany\u2019s election in September 2017, when the chancellor, Angela Merkel, said she would seek<\/a> to end membership talks.<\/p>\n

With Operation Olive Branch, Syrian refugees are being used to further Turkey\u2019s strategic interests beyond its borders \u2013 with an explicit reference made at the same time to \u201csecuring\u201d Europe.<\/p>\n

In the initial days of the operation, Turkey\u2019s official presidential Twitter account explained that<\/a> one of the operation\u2019s objectives was \u201cto ensure the safe return of displaced Syrians to their homes\u201d and that it would \u201ccurb the flow of terrorist elements and undocumented migrants into Europe\u201d. The logic was that once the operation was concluded, it would allow \u201c500,000 refugees to return to Afrin\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

Reflecting on this on January 30, the Brussels representative for the ruling Justice and Development party said<\/a>: \u201cThe operation will lead to the return of Syrian refugees in Turkey. The fewer refugees in Turkey, the less migrant flow to Europe.\u201d<\/p>\n

Reviving Cold War rhetoric<\/h2>\n

It\u2019s unclear whether the EU and its member states\u2019 relative silence on the operation in Afrin is related to Turkey\u2019s strategic use of refugees. Yet, given the Erdo\u011fan regime\u2019s practices in recent years, it appears Turkey has revived the mentality that dominated Turkey\u2019s security culture during the Cold War: securing Turkey means securing Europe, and by extension, NATO.<\/p>\n

The EU recognises that its security is under threat<\/a> from \u201cillegal migrants\u201d and terrorism. Turkey\u2019s military operation in Syria against the Kurdish autonomous region \u2013 which is a threat to Turkey itself \u2013 will also help Europe address its own threat. The news outlet of a pro-regime thinktank, SETA, recently put this in plain terms<\/a>: \u201cIf Europe and the EU want to protect their own values, then they should support Turkey\u2019s operation.\u201d<\/p>\n

By broadly linking undocumented migration and terrorism, Erdo\u011fan is reflecting an issue that has captured the EU\u2019s security mentality<\/a> in the post-9\/11 era. Turkey has clearly learned that linking an issue with migration offers advantages in its dealings with the EU. It is a transit country for undocumented migrants and is likely to ask the EU to launch new mechanisms and financial aid in the area of counter-terrorism cooperation in return for preventing future irregular migration.<\/p>\n

Turkey needs to position itself as Europe\u2019s security provider in order to pursue its own strategic interests of weakening the Kurdish autonomous region in Syria and replacing it with a pro-Turkey or neutral \u201csafe zone\u201d. And to do so without invoking disturbing noises from Europe.<\/p>\n

Turkey has embraced its position as the EU\u2019s border guard. The regime realises that migrants contained in Turkey will be useful to further its interests both domestically and internationally. And Europe appears content, for now, to play Turkey\u2019s neo-Cold War game.<\/p>\n

Ali Bilgic<\/a>, Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Loughborough University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article was originally published on The Conversation<\/a>. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When Turkish ground troops rolled into Afrin, a Kurdish enclave in northern Syria, in January, the regime was making a considered political calculation. 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